In our research, we have only ever seen the Bahrain government spying in Bahrain and Qatar using Pegasus never in Europe. Two of the hacked activists now reside in London, and at least one was in London when they were hacked.One of the activists was hacked in 2020 several hours after they revealed during an interview that their phone was hacked with Pegasus in 2019. At least four of the activists were hacked by LULU, a Pegasus operator that we attribute with high confidence to the government of Bahrain, a well-known abuser of spyware.The hacked activists included three members of Waad (a secular Bahraini political society), three members of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights, two exiled Bahraini dissidents, and one member of Al Wefaq (a Shiite Bahraini political society).Some of the activists were hacked using two zero-click iMessage exploits: the 2020 KISMET exploit and a 2021 exploit that we call FORCEDENTRY. We identified nine Bahraini activists whose iPhones were successfully hacked with NSO Group’s Pegasus spyware between June 2020 and February 2021.Bill Marczak, Ali Abdulemam 1, Noura Al-Jizawi, Siena Anstis, Kristin Berdan, John Scott-Railton, and Ron Deibert
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